MSCFZ <,mCityTourMapsAdventure City Tours{V|6 0TourMap.000T|6 MCITYT~1.001|6 _setup.xml,MSCEcdtmCityTourMapsAdventure City Tours%CE1%\mCityTourMaps%CE2% Start MenumCityTour.dbSQLite format 3@ #[@ ZEZh%%tablewalking_tourwalking_tourCREATE TABLE 'walking_tour' ( 'walk_id' int(11) NOT NULL default '0', 'location_id' int(11) NOT NULL default '0', 'location_name' varchar(60) NOT NULL default '', 'location_long_desc' text, 'location_address' varchar(255) default NULL, 'location_image_name' varchar(60) default NULL, 'reference_link' varchar(255) default NULL, 'lat' varchar(20) default NULL, 'lon' varchar(20) default NULL, 'location_image' blob NULL )8CtablelocationlocationCREATE TABLE 'location' ( 'location_id' int(11) NOT NULL default '0', 'location_name' varchar(60) NOT NULL default '', 'location_map' blob NULL ) G<Washington D.C. National MallJFIFHH ExifMM*bj(1r2iHHAdobe Photoshop 7.02004:07:11 21:58:11 (& aHHJFIFHH Adobe_CMAdobed            ]G~Washington D.C. 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The museum is also home to about 185 professional natural history scientists the largest group of scientists dedicated to the study of the natural and cultural history in the world.\r\n\r\n \r\nThe museum was established in 1910, with its building designed by Hornblower & Marshall. The building, designed in the neoclassical architectural style, was the first constructed on the north side of the National Mall, along Constitution Avenue, as part of the 1901 McMillan Commission plan.National MallNational_museum_of_natural_history_entrance.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History38.891197222222225-77.02588888888889JFIF ` `(Photoshop 3.08BIM Resolution ` `8BIM FX Global Lighting Anglex8BIMFX Global Altitude8BIM Print Flags 8BIM Copyright Flag8BIM'Japanese Print Flags 8BIMColor Halftone SettingsH/fflff/ff2Z5-8BIMColor Transfer Settingsp8BIMGuides@@8BIM URL overrides8BIMSlices@+national museum of natural history entrance@8BIMICC Untagged Flag8BIMLayer ID Generator Base8BIM New Windows Thumbnail=Tpn@!JFIFHHAdobed            pT"?   3!1AQa"q2B#$Rb34rC%Scs5&DTdE£t6UeuF'Vfv7GWgw5!1AQaq"2B#R3$brCScs4%&5D dd3K/?m!4Washington MonumentThe Washington Monument is a large, white-colored obelisk at the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It is a United States Presidential Memorial constructed for George Washington.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe monument is among the world's tallest masonry structures, standing 555 feet, 5⅛ inches (169.29 m) in height and made of marble, granite, and sandst 'Se/U 1~National Museum of American HistoryThe National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. It opened in 1964 as the Museum of History and Technology and adopted its current name in 1980. It is currently closed due to an announced renovation project.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe museum has three exhibition floors, two floors for offices, and one floor (the ground floor) for retail and dining. There are four other museum stores in the building, and a Subway and gelato bar.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nOn the first floor, major exhibitions include "America on the Move," detailing the history of transportation in the U.S. from 1876 to the present and housing Southern Railway steam locomotive 1401 as well as many famous automobiles. Also on the first floor is "TV Objects," which showca   J5QU'k 11 National Museum of Natural HistoryThe National Museum of Natural History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe museum's collections total over 125 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, and human cultural artifacts. The museum is the second most popu;'!u National Gallery of ArtThe National Gallery of Art is an art museum, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was established in 1937 by thj;'!uHNational Gallery of ArtThe National Gallery of Art is an art museum, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was established in 1937 by th !E''q/1BUS CapitolThe United States Capitol is the capitol building that serves as the location for the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is located in Washington, D.C., on top of Capitol Hill at the east end of the National Mall. Although not in the geographic center of the District of Columbia, the Capitol is the focus by which the quadrants of the district are divided.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe building was originally designed by William Thornton. This plan was subsequently\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Supreme Court also met in the Capitol until its own building (behind the East Front) was completed in 1935. Shortly after completion, the capitol was partially burned by the British during the War of 1812. Reconstruction began in 1815 and was completed by 1830. Architect Benjamin Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor, Charles Bulfinch, also played a major role.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe building was expanded dramatically in the 1850s. The original timber-framed dome of 1818 would no longer be appropriately scaled. Thomas U. Walter was responsible for the wing extensions and the "wedding cake" cast-iron dome, three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, which had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. Like Mansart's dome at Les Invalides (which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a large oculus in the inner dome, through which is seen The Apotheosis of W modified by Benjamin Latrobe and then Charles Bulfinch. The current dome and the House and Senate wings were done by Thomas U. Walter and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark.[1]\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda and two wings, one for each chamber of Congress: the north wing is the Senate chamber and the south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these chambers are galleries where people can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an exemplar of the Neoclassical architecture style.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nPrevious capitols\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nPrior to 1800, at a least eight other buildings and eight other cities have hosted Congress, going back to the First Continental Congress. Since the ratification of the United States Constitution, Congress has only met in two other buildings. The Senate and House of Representatives each have met in various chambers within the U.S. Capitol building, including during expansions and renovation!s. The capital was first located in New York.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nFirst Continental Congress\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n * 1774: Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\nSecond Continental Congress\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * 1775-1776: Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\r\n\r\n \r\n * 1776-1777: Henry Fite House, Baltimore, Maryland\r\n\r\n \r\n * 1777: Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall), Philadelphia\r\n\r\n \r\n * 1777: Court House, Lancaster, Pennsylvania\r\n\r\n \r\n * 1777: Court House, York, Pennsylvania\r\n\r\n \r\n * 1779-1781: Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall), Philadelphia\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nArticles of Confederation\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * 1781-1783: Pennsylvania State HogfEuse (Independence Hall), Philadelphia\r\n\r\n \r\n * 1783: Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey\r\n\r\n \r\n * 17831784: Maryland State House, Annapolis, Maryland\r\n\r\n \r\n * 1784: French Arms Tavern, Trenton, New Jersey\r\n"\r\n \r\n * 1785-1789: City Hall (Federal Hall), New York, New York\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nUnited States Constitution (effected March 4, 1789):\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * 17891790: Federal Hall, New York, NY\r\n\r\n \r\n * 17901800: Philadelphia County BuildingCongress Hall, Philadelphia\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nPresent Capitol\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe site for the United States Capitol chosen by Pierre Charles L'Enfant was Jenkins Hill, which rose 88 feet above the Potomac River.[2] The site is one mile from the White House. In 1792, a contest was announced by Commissioners of the Federal City seeking designs for both the Congress House and the President's House.[2] A late submission by amateur architect, William Thornton, was selected by President George Washington.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAdorned in masonic attire, George Washington laid the cornerstone on September 18, 1793 during a groundbreaking ceremony for construction of the Capitol.[3] The stone is located near the Old Supreme Court, through a passageway taken by people visiting the United States Senate Gallery. It is not known that this actually is the original cornerstone, but it was engraved with a masonic symbol and commissioned in 1893 (100 years after its placement). The cornerstone has been moved from its original location. The Capitol was built and later expanded in the 1850s using the labor of slaves "who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks."[4] The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe; however, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts, and African Americansfree and slavecomposed the majority of the work force.[5]\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Senate wing was completed in 1800, while the House wing was completed in 1811. Though the building was incomplete, The Capitol held its first session of United States Congress on November 17, 1800. The legislature was moved to Washington prematurely, at the urging of President John Adams in hopes of securing enough Southern votes to be re-elected for a second term as president.[6]descendant and genetically identical to the original.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Ferocious Blue Cycad, Encephalartos horridus, is questionably one of the original Wilkes plants. Due to its size and possible age, some believe this plant to have come back with the expedition in 1842; unfortunately, early records are incomplete and inaccurate, so this is left to speculation.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Sago Palms, Cycas circinalis, also cycads, live in the Garden Court. The USBG cares for both a male and a female of the species, and both were brought back with the Wilkes Expedition.National MallUS_botanic_garden.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden38.888044444444446-77.01406666666666JFIFHH8EExifII*  (1 2iOLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.,LTDC3000ZHHv353u-752004:06:23 15:39:36%Memorial in Washington, D.C., honoring American Civil War General and President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant. It is located at the base of Capitol Hill (Union Square, the Mall, 1st Street, between Pennsylvania Avenue and Maryland Avenue), and like the United States Capitol above it (at the top of the hill), the monument's statue faces west, looking towards the Washington Monument and overlooking the National Mall. It is the largest equestrian statue in the United States and the second largest in the world, after the monument to Italy's King Victor Emanuel in Rome.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe monument was created by sculptor Henry Merwin Shrady, who spent 20 years of his life working on it. The platform for the monument, made of Vermont marble, is 252 feet long and 71 feet wide. It is divided into three sections. The tall, middle section depicts Grant aboard his war horse Cincinnati on a 22-foot high pedestal, and he is flanked, on either side, by fighting Union Artillery and Cavalry groups. Surrounding &the main pedestal are four shorter pedestals, each one supporting a bronze figure of a lion in repose.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe most striking feature of the central statue is Grant's calm (almost disaffected) attitude amidst the raging fighting going on around him. This is not surprising because Grant was known for his calmness and coolheadedness during battle.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nConstruction began in 1909; the Artillery Group (above) was completed in 1912, the Cavalry Group (below) was completed in 1916, and the bronze figure of Grant was completed in 1920. The memorial was dedicated on the 100th anniversary of Grant's birth, April 27, 1922. Today it stands as the center of a three-part sculptural group including the James A. Garfield Monument and the Peace Monument.National MallUSGAndArt_FmSSW.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial38.889722-77.013056JFIFHHC   %# , #&')*)-0-(0%()(C   (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((('(((((((((((((((,"J!1A"Qaq2#BRb$3r%4CEScs&!1AQ"2BRq ?h^ 顦 PzhҘwkL2Ҝ7[:h58pppFAXI5hix8COM 4(b8 Wa5[`P)BW$Pi)-4ZwDS@ +"(0OZi\PiSJi'+PqH1EOTX2(Ҹt`$S\(=]V:GCH KT` + ZwIpBW񱐀T;_ۛl*ԗ#J NB~g$EBxR[OM 0뚒`vm䡶4=kQnqġs9ux?S4?A)M44mzhJWX„B+vN޹Q']b (4ZA6[`'1CX +PE(b+ll.k"rHJN_ٽcj-.^[Ng<4ƾG(bnٌr(#{Is\U[m[g>v.%([H|”^HǯA[2_\h P\ZSqqWdu@͊&0BޒQB=Z׸BM *SqYZ~u}!Ȳ]>Vo l6Ѐ; 49h~l.#nYMlcҳ@SqX=@f0TLIÑ2OP{B tG$EfCxjn8JtyT+;Vw#֏Gu0A(6X FJ:Y; C$33 ҒKiJQ}*sq5'R1T0OX1C WxE&E WxE'C( sWDPdQb(4ODRH8+Pd|2ZI:;>GguR@*b?T m [n@}qi_9'-88$NݳƑ>\ 3?hRY$)G`2qofRGF:Z֘ZQi(V8:8Nw;vUoD'Ot@|RqfAF=t06ˀw> f%Zu;iݲ2e͎an# Rt7n`ڜgGj|r}7]&-ivWS.Rͱ{ tlKqfKki+AP{U'T1R95H뉙q-)t e_s?*ercW⒢FZ|ʛ :Gu+ZG qñG6:r@RO7E-׈.cSq|4]C(7. m%#Ja!cDe_5/$6=qޔzkH{8(G 8>X!a 48f5_f(өĭm!Ӓ#>T)[7`|PSz*l@3Mi?9cSKK- @d1W^mAhJ*-44Xކ+o=8H?9QG?1NSk ?©Ivja0 *hg8#;gI,#AW׊P$fO&Lie'̅1Ƣ`e0٘M-g &Chs`J+W+LbIq8z A+K+X*ߍH.k:Zy 6edo:J:҉U]Ps1f$诺XPBoSByR;cڡڣFh?m/ "$={ԯ+m'ps}P0E(- !#^uЏ4q6C48: K piZ 8޽è.\歼#S c%G'Wg'L$X,Wx"",Ȣ""XEs-Q9LMtX`Ӌı8K:HRv#R|e)0Jh:nPnep'39iOL(#ЏA^|]Et\ Ů;%,8IFJ/ZRԦΓӦt>O^b>PĶJ| 99ω9VB\JN:v ޕy0zfR]}Y8񥶥e+s*q4SgB]CVlw Q)# 7u,d+Z]ZC'#,qvze,1>LGK$!Nd ..IP~tcYgӦXnꞴĐP>si>*zFԅUp*8TׂJ{j?of\P~Yҩ~3z8PiOԬlI4*U;sqk˨fl[vj-qqS^)F=Ojf"mH+Z ίBo֯ķȌgH@ HnO'+5V]UD! 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Η!{ruZI8('Mkha@:+B?(>"tWVNF)#ke*`gSŜ?!M4&Ї`zC`7^'I sCYQQQqT)qqg@!W\+|\>LTTy2"$[|hpwYla@iG23ZW5.t-2\y,IZ)BFI$uQ;B>?xC.F}NN_a(iKB4aBU} FeA^H޺DR䌨СKēG*RpZhف& fReehQ:wQ;RR3u4(R &8wJ0278u((P6Ja"{n`'tEaL)S-t PVd6xqР⃚e^cXmQeB]^5cDoU˟5\}+@B)Ho^$g>}ϽjJ@(PLӏ#o?*pvtBU@'M$Q  0*cqcS֯Bl%Ff=[M#Ks]pdVfqBB5%7(P1q-M:O~uҡ0uƅ  /ӔBA쁷9_ƅ `i-c#jdDWBcR9SN \ۣN&L' obM- %||ꠔvoPX#to Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress#o it receives more warmth, and is surrounded by glass walls; this helps to create a microclimate simulating a more southerly latitude. Second, the courtyard is planted with plants from the Southeast and Southwest United States, (which, if not for the microclimate, would not be able to live in harsher District of Columbia weather), thus "exposing" visitors to the "south".\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Children's Garden courtyard has a variety of temperate-thriving annuals used to encourage interest in plants in a fun and entertaining way.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nWilkes Plants\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThere are four plants in the garden that are believed to be directly related to the original Wilkes Expedition.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Vessel Fern, Angiopteris evecta, situtated in the Jungle, is believed to be the direct progeny of the Vessel Fern brought back on Wilkes' ship. Because of the life span of Vessel Ferns, it is highly unlikely that the present fern is the original; however it is believed that the present fern is a direct 3rdens, and infuses color, shape, and planting themes. One section of the garden is certified as a National Wildlife Federation Backyard Wildlife Habitat. The Park also houses the main administrative building for the USBG.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nProduction Facility\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe USBG also maintains a production facility in SW DC, used for growing and storing plants for propagation, for the maintenance of the collection, or for display in upcoming annual shows.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nCollections\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe USBG participates in CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, which means that it cares for plants claimed by US Customs. It specializes in orchids and succulents.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAside from the outdoor courtyards, the plants contained within the Conservatory are tropicals. The Meditation Garden courtyard is unofficially known as the Southern Exposure. This has two meanings for the gardeners who tend this garden. First, the courtyard is on the south side of the building, s4the Jungle, and the Children's Garden and Meditation Garden (Southern Exposure) Courtyards. Each of these rooms highlights the uniqueness of plants in some way, or teaches about the goals of the USBG. The largest room is the Jungle, which also has a 2nd story catwalk, so that the jungle canopy may be observed from both below and above.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nNone of the garden is air-conditioned, save the Oasis and the Administrative offices. Each room is closely monitored by computer-operated sensors to maintain the environment best stuited to the plants in that room. Humidity, sunlight and temperature are regulated by means of a misting system, retractable shades and levered windows. All plants are watered daily by hand.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nBartholdi Park\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nBartholdi Park lies just south of the Conservatory, across Independence Avenue. One of the goals of this garden is to provide inspiration and ideas for home gardeners who visit it. It displays a variety of small structured and non-structured ga5osted.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Botanic Garden also cares for Bartholdi Park, on its south side, which is so named for the beautiful fountain in the garden's center, designed by Frdric Bartholdi.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nConstruction was completed on the three-acre National Garden on the USBG's west border, an annex of the US Botanic Garden, in October 2006. The National Garden is funded by the National Fund for the U.S. Botanic Garden and includes a regional garden of plants native to the Atlantic Coastal Plain, a Rose Garden, a butterfly garden, and the First Ladies Water Garden.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nPhysical Plant\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe USBG proper consists of three locations: the Conservatory, Bartholdi Park, and the Production Facility.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Conservatory\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Garden Conservatory consists of 10 "rooms" and two courtyards: the Garden Court, Rare and Endangered Plants, Plant Exploration, the Orchid House, Medicinal Plants, the Desert, the Oasis, the Garden Primeval, Plant Adaptation and 8ited States. It is located in Washington, D.C., on the U.S. Capitol Grounds campus near Garfield Circle. The building itself, which includes a large Lord & Burnham greenhouse, is divided into separate rooms, each one simulating a different habitat.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nGovernance\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe USBG is supervised by the Architect of the Capitol, who is responsible for maintaining the grounds of the United States Capitol. Although a ward of Congress, the USBG is open every day of the year, including federal holidays. This also means that the institution belongs to the American Public. It cannot be commissioned for private, for-profit events.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nHistory\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nIn 1838, Charles Wilkes set out on an explorative mission commissioned by Congress to circumnavigate the globe. During this trip, Wilkes collected live and dried specimens of plants, being one of the first such expeditions to make use of wardian cases to maintain live plants on a long voyage. The expedition returned in 1842 w6ith a massive collection of plants previously unknown in the United States. The dried specimens comprised the core of what is now the National Herbarium, which is curated by the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. The live specimens and seeds came to be housed in the Old Patent Office greenhouse, and were cared for there until 1850. At that time, a botanic garden was built to house the collection, and existed in front of the Capitol; this location is now home to a reflecting pool. In 1933, the building was moved to its present location, just to the southwest of the Capitol. It is bordered by Maryland Avenue on the north, First Street on the east, Independence Avenue on the south, and Third Street on the west. The building was closed for renovation on September 1, 1997, and reopened to the public on December 11, 2001. At the time of closure for renovation, plants in the collection were placed in storage at the U.S. Botanic Garden Production Facility, retired to greenhouses in Florida, or comp ? '3y! Ulysses S. Grant MemorialThe Ulysses S. Grant Memorial is a United States Presidential Memorial in Washington, D.C., honoring American Civil War General and President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant. It is located at the base of Capitol Hill (Union Square, the Mall, 1st Street, between Pennsylvania Avenue and Maryland Avenue), and like the United States Capitol above it (at the top of the hill), the monument's statue faces west, looking towards the Washington Monument and overlooking the National Mall. It is the largest equestrian statue in the United States and the second largest in the world, after the monument to Italy's King Victor Emanuel in Rome.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe monument was created by sculptor Henry Merwin Shrady, who spent 20 years of his life working on it. The platform for the monument, made of Vermont marble, is 252 feet lons? '3y!RUlysses S. Grant MemorialThe Ulysses S. Grant Memorial is a United States Presidential $"c=4Nǝ* 6KָO]__gC4Kl}*TL,Bl?sWάg s\X8 0!1ئ{u{E5[ixVKGݦF*&;SLk?h4lV:hыxK<4H~uBEynb̤gWHa2cNjOJĥ7#VԅNFqyY/Z'֥Mւ C*IOQ$,J^XP6z3<Dzb hhRq.*wni]_agC#P:{I¸+{xaq!#ĭkxfyh}+fwYo (3y&\ud|[*G%xuQ˼lv^jK?Gڎq~f6! e\V?cCY^s;Za;!1#x,jk-?tB1F=&㖶>JjJ]w8Koux"Uf(R{?,F<䴈 <8tcVOjX.uO&?aJʭ}o;L $`{Dn:$Ǧhiq?y|[ \](^IYx̙.1"pn9FͲp)DK*Xyn3\"` ܞ֦kk8lerzLiEuro-American culture. Donna House, the Navajo and Oneida botanist who supervised the landscaping, has said, "The landscape flows into the building, and the environment is who we are. We are the trees, we are the rocks, we are the water. And that had to be part of the museum." This theme of organic flow is reflected by the interior of the museum, whose walls are mostly curving surfaces, with almost no sharp corners.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nGeorge Gustav Heye Center\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Museums George Gustav Heye Center occupies two floors of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in Lower Manhattan. The Beaux Arts-style building, designed by architect Cass Gilbert, was completed in 1907. It is a designated National Historic Landmark and a New York City landmark. The centers exhibition and public access areas total about 20,000- square feet. The Heye Center offers a range of exhibitions, film and video screenings, school group programs and living culture presentations throughout the year.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nCul?tural Resources Center\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nIn Suitland, Maryland, the National Museum of the American Indian operates the Cultural Resources Center, an enormous, nautilus-shaped building which houses both the collection and photo archives.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAbout the collection\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe National Museum of the American Indian is home to the collection of the former Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. The collection includes more than 800,000 objects, as well as a photographic archive of 125,000 images. The collection, which became part of the Smithsonian in June 1990, was assembled throughout a 54-year period, beginning in 1903 by George Gustav Heye (1874-1957), who traveled throughout North and South America accumulating Native objects. Heye was the founder of New Yorks Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation from its beginning until his death in 1957. The Heye Foundations Museum of the American Indian opened to the public in New York City in 1922.National Mall180px-National_M:useum_of_the_American_Indian.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian38.888333333333335-77.01638888888888JFIF,,C   %# , #&')*)-0-(0%()(C   ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("D!1AQaq"2#Bb3$CRr%Es)!1AQ"2BRq ?^*抜!]_YW8%M6iɮI1ʋ #+\ӽH4ǒ8ǾʾDsQQoK lhmjqSaw3XKt#'vTaUYQ3ʱܴ:og}7Z¿d~FB +~$#!;pOxj? /j`[:?ON R|#ڥ_d7 DXDpGc r]ǟV֋!>>EҲ;o+yom$ʪ챃9#vxGw)*6"oaƳh|^XoVc%)DtcN5'3l8v懍C~.#j1Ɲ8ϙ('k޷ѬJ<$07?`8=sb )8 !N9*8qk{i1:@>F79Z9O,U+3wVԫbvaJ]3ͬ ssFE '711 United States Botanic GardenThe United States Botanic Garden (USBG) is a botanic garden run by the Congress of the United States. It is located in Washington, D.C., on the U.S. Capitol Grounds campus near Garfield Circle. The building itself, which includes a large Lord & Burnham greenhouse, is divided into separate rooms, each one simulating a different habitat.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nGovernance\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe USBG is supervised by the Architect of the Capitol, who is responsible for maintaining the grounds of the United States Capitol. Although a ward of Congress, the USBG iXQ"s open every day of the year, including federal holidays. This also means that the institution beiE '711 United States Botanic GardenThe United States Botanic Garden (USBG) is a botanic garden run by the Congress of the Un7&ched on a trajectory to escape the solar system, and the first to visit Jupiter.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * SpaceShipOne, the world's first privately built and piloted vehicle to reach space, built by Burt Rutan.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * The original filming model of the starship USS Enterprise from the science fiction television series, Star Trek\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * The television camera of Surveyor 3, which was brought back from the moon by Apollo 12.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\nDulles International Airport Annex\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n Main article: Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe museum has a larger annex, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, located near Dulles Airport, opened on December 15, 2003. Its plans call for a collection of 900 aircraft with 135 spacecraft on display. The center was made possible by a US$ 65 million gift in October 1999 to the Smithsonian Institution by Steven F. Udvar-Hazy, an immigrant from Hungary and co-founder of the International Lease Finance Corporation. ConstrucCian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States. It maintains the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world and is the world's most-visited museum, hosting over 9,000,000 people each year. It is also a vital center for research into the history, science, and technology of aviation and spaceflight, as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics. Almost all space and aircraft on display are originals or backup crafts to the originals.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nArchitecture\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe National Air and Space Museum is widely considered one of Washington's most significant works of modern architecture. Because of the museum site's close proximity to the United States Capitol, the Smithsonian Institution wanted a building that would be architecturally impressive but would not stand out too boldly against the Capitol Building. St. Louis-based architect Gyo Obata of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum accepted the challenge and designed the museum as four simple traDvertine-encased cubes containing the smaller and more theatrical exhibits, connected by three spacious steel-and-glass atriums which house the larger exhibits such as missiles, airplanes and spacecraft.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nCollection and facilities\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nA variety of aircraft displayed at the National Air and Space Museum. Most notable: Ford Trimotor and Douglas DC-3 (top and second from top)\r\nA variety of aircraft displayed at the National Air and Space Museum. Most notable: Ford Trimotor and Douglas DC-3 (top and second from top)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe main exhibit hall (opened 1 July 1976) is on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., between the National Museum of the American Indian and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations of the city. In addition to the rooms filled with historic aircraft and other artifacts, attractions include an IMAX theater and the Albert \r\n \r\n \r\nEinstein Planetarium.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nSelected exhibits\r\n\r\nA \r\n \r\n * The original Wright Flyer that made the first controlled, powered flight in 1903\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * The Spirit of St. Louis, in which Charles Lindbergh made the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * The Bell X-1, in which Chuck Yeager made the first powered supersonic level flight\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * A German V-2 rocket constructed from captured components, the first man-made object to reach space\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * The Friendship 7 capsule, in which John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * The Gemini 4 capsule, which carried America's first spacewalker, Ed White.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * The command module of Apollo 11, the first mission to land astronauts on the moon\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * One of the very few lunar rock samples accessible to the public\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * A rock from Mars (a meteorite)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * A "replica" of Pioneer 10 (actually the functional Pioneer H), the first space probe laun YQ'm11 National Museum of the American IndianThe Smithsonians National Museum of the American Indian is an institution of YQ'm11NNational Museum of the American IndianThe Smithsonians National Museum of the American Indian is an institution of living cultures dedicated to the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of the Native peoples of the Western Hemisphere; the museum was established in 1989 through an Act of Congress. Operating under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, the National Museum of the American Indian has three facilities: the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., which opened on September 21, 2004; The George Gustav Heye Center, a permanent museum in New York City; and the Cultural Resources Center, a research and collections facility in Suitland, Maryland.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nLocations\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nNational Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall\;SBC:C}CDDGDDEEUEEF"FgFFG5G{GHHKHHIIcIIJ7J}JK KSKKL*LrLMMJMMN%NnNOOIOOP'PqPQQPQQR1R|RSS_SSTBTTU(UuUVV\VVWDWWX/X}XYYiYZZVZZ[E[[\5\\]']x]^^l^__a_``W``aOaabIbbcCccd@dde=eef=ffg=ggh?hhiCiijHjjkOkklWlmm`mnnknooxop+ppq:qqrKrss]sttptu(uuv>vvwVwxxnxy*yyzFz{{c{|!||}A}~~b~#G k͂0WGrׇ;iΉ3dʋ0cʍ1fΏ6n֑?zM _ɖ4 uL$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD-u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.! zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs 2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)KmPhotoshop 3.08BIM%8BIM8BIM&Hrt museum located in Washington, DC on the National Mall and designed by architect Gordon Bunshaft. It is part of the Smithsonian Institution. Its collection focuses on contemporary and modern art. Outside the museum is a sculpture garden, featuring works by artists including Auguste Rodin and Alexander Calder.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe building itself is as much of an attraction as anything inside, likened by many to a large spacecraft parked on the National Mall. The building is essentially an open cylinder elevated by four massive "legs", with a large fountain occupying the central courtyard. The Smithsonian staff reportedly told Gordon Bunshaft, prior to designing the building, that if it did not provide a striking contrast to everything else in the city, then it would be unfit for housing a modern art collection.National MallHirshhorn_Museum.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden38.888219444444445-77.02283888888888JFIFTExifII* I(12iCanonCanon PowerShot A95Adobe Photoshop 7.02005:01:11 21:54:18:B0220J^r z   01003f 2005:01:08 14:51:492005:01:08 14:51:49* _ _ @p ("* HHJJFIFHH Adobe_CMAdobed            `"?   3!1AQa"q2B#$Rb34rC%Scs5&DTdE£t6UeuF'Vfv7GWgw5!1AQaq"2B#R3$brCScs4%&5DTdEU6teuFVfv'7GWgw ?-u#66V-9MϤA>mq&Kj.ĶĪE6mĊC-lKTj[Q&ڏ)cjj"JA%yB}ic65[&mFږ`jO`PmKj1mmmRv mײH?!|OM6՗2!Vo֌9Eo K$sDZqHvwv,Ylы#ʠ\,?7+K|9{cN27V9KL_CD E ?/ *K4JuV ~%TĴبo۸:`W|T9ˌ %fQ]*Χ:'Nʤ`6F%`3*DA*EPo4=S W:AlpKZLTuOk 6~~l=ͩx箪 a_I3<89kW02^v3ԢjClUhoX ?UY%IXYbYSKm8YSUk[Sk ᮍ=s/gzͲz8dUKY1l'DbLW\.+^nYZ~MY'/6+\= sC@Zr^kkk o;]L4gh mouuۣwz{=}k+ )`}=u>%ޖGP7-6, ^ns"KvNǃxowذqhYmY71ӹvS͌ݾS'+"u.LGFUDmsC9xm{X)+`R׺ڿ;O}\ ]=9YyKc7lc+ֲ\z)]SM [Mcsv{wӮzY߶`q䇴>5CZ}n7S/==oP4 E0UcEcG^njտ 5E`~Oj<$[Ům8m6IukcoTTdne\];c*ܶCwh-xwo;\E: 0;w[]^ar+YeM=( H谴4~w+q$HN跫llgAcCH5ct[oYkݦ eaM`3ˤ1JFBΏ m5 c#(ь@qe}a-)A  { qs:Mu`9jpu{SԜ1'b/I^NE):c+qcŵ`Loc; [yyTgf 5hynI[ek>G'sS[8[o^֓c G!:ܝ?%ָ n~ML;l~nF,yṉՇ[cԇq.ܾ%k7Zh,#a6YXfV H%?f}ޒe9EyHk{w(ߚƂZܡf_Kh\~ msKq@ƻ^Xy);5 ﵯΓE׊,va;mݰ&7a>_C.s7;v ҈/%YY+kO1OkReq.qo|~冻[tce_bAvUv-VCX<ڏ_Y.e@4-{][̺7Y&yp!  .97کi'y~8@(v.5kgsMُ,~;,&5FeTJE0>FLmd))ͯ݌(}>##ގDHG`T\w#U8= yy1RVOKޛx>⃼7S nZ>RcZ SV4up8B?!2P2?/q9Bݿ-⻐ޘQ qELRY`gnu| &/8AKT]gqz !-8COZfr~ -;HUcq~ +:IXgw'7HYj{+=Oat 2FZn  % : O d y  ' = T j " 9 Q i  * C \ u & @ Z t .Id %A^z &Ca~1Om&Ed#Cc'Ij4Vx&IlAe@e Ek*Qw;c*R{Gp@j>i  A l !!H!u!!!"'"U"""# #8#f###$$M$|$$% %8%h%%%&'&W&&&''I'z''( (?(q(())8)k))**5*h**++6+i++,,9,n,,- -A-v--..L.../$/Z///050l0011J1112*2c223 3F3334+4e4455M555676r667$7`7788P8899B999:6:t::;-;k;;<' >`>>?!?a??@#@d@@A)AjAAB0BrB ""*W_'511 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenThe Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden is an artOGM'=1 National Air and Space MuseumThe National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States. It maintains the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world and is the world's most-visited museum, hosting over 9,000,000 people each year. It is alQ W_'511b Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenThe Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden is an aG GM'=1 National Air and Space MuseumThe National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the SmithsonBaerns of polychrome brick, and a sculpture entitled Columbia Protecting Science and Industry by sculptor Caspar Buberl was placed above the main entrance on the north side. The interior of the building was partially lit through the use of skylights and clerestory windows. In 1883, the exterior was adjusted to use a more vibrant maroon-colored brick.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nIn 1910 the natural history collections were moved to the new National Museum of Natural History, and the old museum was given its present name. In 1964 the remaining exhibitions were moved to the National Museum of History and Technology, now known as the National Museum of American History. In 1976, the Arts and Industries Building reopened with 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, featuring objects from across the globe that had been displayed at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The building later housed temporary exhibitions and a children's theater, known as the Discovery Theater. In 2004 the museum was again closed for renovation. Ind the Smithsonians Renwick Gallery in DC. Over the years several reconstructions have taken place. The first followed a disastrous fire on January 24, 1865, which destroyed the upper story of the main segment and the north and south towers. In 1884, the east wing was fireproofed and enlarged to accommodate more offices. Remodeling from 1968 to 1969 restored the building to the Victorian atmosphere reminiscent of the era during which it was first inhabited.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThis building served as a home for the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Joseph Henry and his family and for many years housed all aspects of Smithsonian operations, including an exhibit hall from 1858 until the 1960s. In 1901, Washingtons first childrens room was installed in the Castles South Tower Room where the original decorated ceiling and wall stencils were restored in 1987. Located inside near the north entrance is the crypt of James Smithson, benefactor of the Institution, while outside on the Mall, a bronze statue of Jos  E''M118 Arts and Industries BuildingThe Arts and Industries Building is the second oldest of the Smithsonian museums on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Called initially the National Museum, it was built to provide the Smithsonian with its first proper facility for public display of its growing collections. The building, designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, opened in 1881, hosting an inaugural ball for President James A. Garfield.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe building was designed to be symmetrical, comprised of a Greek cross with a central rotunda. The exterior was constructed with geometric pattOCharles Lang Freer (18541919), a railroad-car manufacturer from Detroit who gave to the United States his collections and funds for a building to house them. The Italian-Renaissance-style gallery, constructed in granite and marble, was designed by American architect Charles A. Platt. When the gallery opened to the public in 1923, it was the first Smithsonian museum for fine arts. In subsequent years, the collections have grown through gifts and purchases to nearly triple the size of Freer's bequest.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nA highlight of the Whistler holdings is the Peacock Room, a dining room that was once part of a London townhouse. In 1876, Whistler lavishly decorated the room with a blue and gold peacock design. After the owner's death, the room was purchased in toto and brought to the United States and permanently installed in the Freer Gallery.\r\nChinese Qing Dynasty vase shaped like an earlier Shang or Zhou Dynasty (Gu) vessel, made of \r\n \r\n \r\nFreer Gallery of Art.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe adjoining A  M+'C/18 Smithsonian Institution BuildingThe Smithsonian Institution Building, located on the National Mall in Washington, DC, houses the Smithsonian Institution's administrative offices and information center. The Building is constructed of red sandstone in the Norman style (a 12th-century combination of late Romanesque and early Gothic motifs) and is appropriately nicknamed The Castle.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nIt was the first Smithsonian building, completed in 1855 by architect James Renwick, Jr., whose other works include St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City aP m 5U'/a!" Freer Gallery of ArtThe Freer Gallery of Art is the Smithsonian Institution's museum of east Asian art, including art from China, Korea, Japan, and southeast Asia, as well as American art. It opened to the general public in 1923. It is located on the south side of The National Mall in Washington, D.C.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nVisitor favorites include Chinese ceramics and Chinese paintings, Korean Ceramics, and Korean pottery, Japanese folding screens, Indian and Persian manuscripts, and Buddhist sculpture from various regions and time periods. The artwork of the gallery ranges from Neolithic to modern, with multitudes of painted art mostly from the Song Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and Qing Dynasty of China.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nHistory\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe gallery was founded by R w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?( ( ( ( (M4v𴲰HeEPEPEPEPE|UDZw尶z PTD;hLTPQ@ D6yQd+:}~ [t{ fW&SQ~ϗS2Ԓb=x(%Y$ר!ۘ9Hr %PBHdIdl-o^\j2yc''n(:ΔC0F2x$z\|Iy %WcT݌zܥ%&WYf5NJ-Z!:ߌt}2saixUi<׭})Yq;+}eܜ~S3iU`}[NՇM+~}jAI?6C8q\BTq_r]XsU|BH)OnI?LQsHǕ7n^m%,uZL FG^sy cE/֚c'c&#_e *{xۍԥuZu7{21 ӎ湻YWon, DC, United States, part of the Smithsonian Institution. The Sackler is one of two galleries of the National Museum of Asian Art, the other being the Freer Gallery.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe gallery is located on the National Mall (in Washington, D.C.), directly behind the Smithsonian Castle. Its main spaces are underground, and connects to both the Freer and the National Museum of African Art. The Sackler's main entrance is situated off of the gardens of the Smithsonian Castle along Independence Avenue.National MallSackler_Gallery.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery38.88760833333333-77.02651388888889JFIFExifII* z(2iZCanonCanon PowerShot G32005:05:07 17:46:420220>Rn v~   X|^f0100$ 2005:05:07 17:46:422005:05:07 17:46:42 ( @ .\" $ h p2   "\  CD &UIMG:PowerShot G3 JPEGFirmware Version 1.02D 9@% &v"@R980100(SS55CS55S[%5Qsu5SS53B RSQ55Cs%5S Q1SS5SӬ5=SS51S55RJK55CJS%5WÀR55R[-5SR35JQ75SڊSuSS5%SKS,51UQ55SS$=R[u5sʊ55RʊR-=5SW55JJӬ51S5?SS7Pr55S[5-CRu1SSu%PHS57J55GJSu5S R}uSS    !#"! $)4,$'1'-=-167:::"*?D>8B3796    OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOx! }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?'3y/1 Arthur M. Sackler GalleryThe Arthur M. Sackler Gallery is a gallery of Asian art located in Washington, DC, United States, part of the Smithsonian Institution. The Sackler is one of two galleries of the National Museum of Asian Art, the other being the Freer Gallery.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe gallery is located on the National Mall (in Washington, D.C.), directly behind the Smithsonian Castle. Its main spaces are underground, and connects to both the Freer and the National Museum of African Art. The Sackler's main entrance is situated off of the gardens of the Smithsonian Castle along Independence Aven0?'3y/1Arthur M. Sackler GalleryThe Arthur M. Sackler Gallery is a gallery of Asian art located in WashingtV ''$I['Q/1 National Museum of African ArtThe National Museum of African Art is a museum that is part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.. Located on the National Mall, the museum specializes in African art and culture. The museum started as a private collection and became part of the Smithsonian in August 19II['Q/1XNational Museum of African ArtThe National Museum of African Art is a museum that is part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.. Located on the National Mall, the museum specializes in African art and culture. The museum started as a private collection and became part of the Smithsonian in August 1979. 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"5>@պX' Kwk} cX.]Kl'hK&H ܅H(wm1O귚][j63zj!\ @N Fl1}R]*M6MRH"fTn i 4+8[43,^wgX&gDj ⠶nrv`#`JtAX=xfA ܃'bNTtǹÒWMt{4kvbDM>Gl柧쟝4}׷de2?^kSR5oU z__'aOr_ڷwDdi܋ɳSCW50qd3Sq?5?sd9r{%Ƌ1k}=Z,cb##o?7I}{ gw3SoˏԿ/_훭99r`7jryk|:3s.}U?9Do,,%D[~_gWᕏ?6Lϵ;v2 <瑿7]h?'/%QwF^az?e_7}G>N)>9;)ǗWS]?wlP%Vpz^S(ƥ)?to>_}9u4?B_N??k,}c6Agau=#ď9<=S?-" ?k_VU&>_Coo'}?WWM7yOn4A.SkP/}g,`/N?*ooOL"uw2gt'ޯӿGV8~(|c(}C6^ȇ9Rt_l2'j7_uߧS#e=}7"<=nt=6W^HȧcmWKU/>|-Bu=޹Qs%ޟ~AeA c?W=97~cA?%Oyٜ7?ӿ#O5ݡk~gvVbiu?;%ֹOIyz?ǟy~K3ofUv~A_ҟ#=?D:M^~5g"<}0 E_k壗DtS^VtockzO|wLKO}yqs[ q}n>_mĿO:߷_Fwi9?3 '#F9O8j/t홐דd>F_9j/>Ͽa< 5?\&?eOWfќytz*9A~{ <~_x^H>y_hy>one. It was designed by Robert Mills, a prominent American architect of the 1840s. The actual construction of the monument began in 1848 but was not completed until 1884, almost 30 years after the architect's death. This hiatus in construction was because of a lack of funds and the intervention of the American Civil War. A difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 150 feet (45 m) up, clearly delineates the initial construction from its resumption in 1876.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nIts cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1848; the capstone was set on December 6, 1884, and the completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885. It officially opened to the public on October 9, 1888. Upon completion, it became the world's tallest structure, a title it inherited from the Cologne Cathedral and held until 1889, when the Eiffel Tower was finished in Paris, France.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Washington Monument reflection can be seen in the aptly named Reflecting Pool, a rectangular pool extending to the west, towards the Lincoln Memorial.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nHistory\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nMotivation\r\nThis article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article.\r\nPlease improve it or discuss changes on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAmong the Founding Fathers of the United States, George Washington earned the title "Father of the Country" in recognition of his leadership in the cause of American independence. Appointed commander of the Continental Army in 1775, he molded a fighting force that gained independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1787, as president of the Constitutional Convention, he helped guide the deliberations to form a government that has lasted for more than 200 years. Two years later he was unanimously elected the President of the United States. Washington defined the Presidency and helped develop the relationships among the three branches of government. He established precedents which successfully launched the new government on its course. He refused the trappings of power and veered from monarchical government and traditions and twicedespite considerable pressure to do otherwisegave up the most powerful position in the Americas. Washington remained ever mindful of the ramifications of his decisions and actions. With this monument the citizens of the United States show their enduring gratitude and respect.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nWhen the Revolutionary War ended, no man in the United States commanded more respect than George Washington. Americans celebrated his ability to win the war despite limited supplies and inexperienced men, and they admired his decision to refuse a salary and accept only reimbursements for his expenses. Their regard increased further when it became known that he had rejected a proposal by some of his officers to make him king of the new country. It was not only what Washington did but the way he did it: Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams, described him as "polite with dignity, affable without familiarity, distant without haughtiness, grave without austerity, modest, wise, and good."\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nWashington retired to his plantation at Mount Vernon after the war, but he soon had to decide whether to return to public life. As it became clear the Articles of Confederation had left the federal government too weak to levy taxes, regulate trade, or control its borders, men such as James Madison began calling for a convention that would strengthen its authority. Washington was reluctant to attend because he had business affairs to manage at Mount Vernon. If he did not go to Philadelphia, however, he worried about his reputation and about the future of the country. He finally decided that, since "to see this nation happy is so much the wish of my soul," he would serve as one of Virginia's representatives. The other delegates during the summer of 1787 chose him to preside over their deliberations, which ultimately produced the U.S. Constitution.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nA key part of the Constitution was the development of the office of President of the United States. No one seemed more qualified to fill that position than Washington, and in 1789 he began the first of his two terms. He used the nation's respect for him to develop respect for this new office, but he simultaneously tried to quiet fears that the President would become as powerful as the king the new country had fought against. He tried to create the kind of solid government he thought the nation needed, supporting a national bank, collecting taxes to pay for expenses, and strengthening the Army and Navy. Though many people wanted him to stay for a third term, in 1797 he again retired to Mount Vernon.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nWashington died suddenly two years later. His death produced great sadness, and it restarted attempts to honor him. As early as 1783, the Continental Congress had resolved "That an equestrian statue of George Washington be erected at the place where the residence of Congress shall be established." The proposal called for engraving on the statue which explained it had been erected "in honor of George Washington, the illustrious Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured their liberty, sovereignty, and independence."\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nTen days after Washington's death, a Congressional committee recommended a different type of monument. John Marshall, a Representative from Virginia (who became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court) proposed that a tomb be erected within the Capitol. But a lack of funds, disagreement over what type of memorial would best honor the country's first president, and the Washington family's reluctance to move his body prevented progress on any project. \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nDesign\r\n\r\n \r\n \Ŵr\nProgress towards a memorial finally began in 1833. That year, which marked the 100th anniversary of Washington's birth, a large group of concerned citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society. They began collecting donations, much in the way Blodgett had suggested. By the middle of the 1830s, they had raised over $28,000 and announced a competition for the design of the memorial.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nOn September 23, 1835, the board of managers of the society described their expectations:\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n It is proposed that the contemplated monument shall be like him in whose honor it is to be constructed, unparalleled in the world, and commensurate with the gratitude, liberality, and patriotism of the people by whom it is to be erected [It] should blend stupendousness with elegance, and be of such magnitude and beauty as to be an object of pride to the American people, and of admiration to all who see it. Its material is intended to be wholly American, and to be of marble and granite brought from each state, that each state may participate in the glory of contributing material as well as in funds to its construction.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe society held a competition for designs in 1836. The winner, architect Robert Mills, was well-qualified for the commission. In 1814, the citizens of Baltimore had chosen him to build a monument to Washington, and he had designed a tall Greek column surmounted by a statue of the President. Mills also knew the capital well, having just been chosen Architect of Public Buildings for Washington.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nHis design called for a 600-foot (183 m) tall obeliskan upright, four-sided pillar that tapers as it riseswith a nearly flat top. He surrounded the obelisk with a circular colonnade, the top of which would feature Washington standing in a chariot. Inside the colonnade would be statues of 30 prominent Revolutionary War heroes.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nYet criticism of Mills' design and its estimated price tag of more than $1 million caused the society to hesitate. In 1848, its members decided to start building the obelisk and to leave the question of the colonnade for later. They believed that if they used the $87,000 they had already collected to start work, the appearance of the monument would spur further donations that would allow them to complete the project.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAbout this time Congress donated 37 acres (150,000 m) of land for the project. The spot Pierre Charles L'Enfant had chosen (now marked by Jefferson Pier) was swampy and unstable, making it unsuitable for supporting the heavy structure. The new location was slightly south and east of the original but still offered many advantages. It "presents a beautiful view of the Potomac," wrote a member of the Society, and "is so elevated that the monument will be seen from all parts of the surrounding country." Because it is public land, he continued, "it is safe from any future obstruction of the view [and it] would be in full view of Mount Vernon, where rests the ashes of the chief."\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nConstruction\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nExcavation for the foundation of the Washington Monument began in the spring of 1848. The cornerstone was laid as part of an elaborate Fourth of July ceremony hosted by the Freemasons, a worldwide fraternal organization to which Washington belonged. Speeches that day showed the country continued to revere Washington. One celebrant noted, "No more Washingtons shall come in our time ... But his virtues are stamped on the heart of mankind. He who is great in the battlefield looks upward to the generalship of Washington. He who grows wise in counsel feels that he is imitating Washington. He who can resign power against the wishes of a people, has in his eye the bright example of Washington."\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nConstruction continued until 1854, when donations ran out. The next year, Congress voted to appropriate $200,000 to continue the work but rescinded before the money could be spent. This reversal came because of a new policy the society had adopted in 1849. It had agreed, after a request from some Alabamians, to encourage all states and territories to donate memorial stones that could be fitted into the interior walls. Members of the society believed this practice would make citizens feel they had a part in building the monument, and it would cut costs by limiting the amount of stone that had to be bought. Blocks of Maryland marble, granite and sandstone steadily appeared at the site. American Indian tribes, professional organizations, societies, businesses and foreign nations donated stones that were 4 feet by 2 feet by 12-18 inches (1.2 by 0.6 by 0.3 to 0.5 m). Many, however, carried inscriptions irrelevant to a memorial for George Washington. For example, one from the Templars of Honor and Temperance stated "We will not buy, sell, or use as a beverage, any spiritous or malt liquors, Wine, Cider, or any other Alcoholic Liquor." It was just one memorial stone that started the events that stopped the Congressional appropriation and ultimately construction altogether. In the early 1850s, Pope Pius IX contributed a block of marble. In March 1854, members of the anti-Catholic, nativist American Party - better known as the "Know-Nothings" - stole the Pope's stone as a protest and supposedly threw it into the Potomac. Then, in order to make sure the monument fit their definition of "American," the Know-Nothings conducted a fraudulent election so they could take over the entire society. Congress immediately rescinded its $200,000 contribution.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Know-Nothings retained control of the society until 1858, adding 13 courses of masonry to the monumentall of which was of such poor quality it later was removed. Unable to collect enough money to finish work, they increasingly lost public support. The Know-Nothings eventually gave up and returned all records to the original society, but the stoppage in construction continued into, then after, the Civil War. The bottom third of the monument is a slightly different color than the rest. When construction resumed after the Civil War, the builders were unable to find the same quarry stone used earlier, resulting in a slight change in appearance.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nInterest in the monument grew after the Civil War ended. Engineers studied the foundation several times to see whether it remained strong enough. In 1876, the Centennial of the Declaration of Independence, Congress agreed to appropriate another $200,000 to resume construction. The monument, which had stood for nearly 20 years at less than one-third of its proposed height, now seemed ready for completion.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nBefore work could begin again, however, arguments about the most appropriate design resumed. Many people thought a simple obelisk, one without the colonnade, would be too bare. Architect Mills was reputed to have said omitting the colonnade would make the monument look like "a stalk of asparagus"; another critic said it offered "little to be proud of."\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThis attitude led people to submit alternative designs. Both the Washington National Monument Society and Congress held discussions about how the monument should be finished. The society considered five new designs, concluding that the one by William Wetmore Story seemed "vastly superior in artistic taste and beauty." Congress deliberated over those five as well as Mills' original; while it was deciding, it ordered work on the obelisk to continue. Finally, the members of the society agreed to abandon the colonnade and alter the obelisk so it conformed to classical Egyptian proportions.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nConstruction resumed in 1879 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Casey redesigned the foundation, strengthening it so it could support a structure that ultimately weighed more than 40,000 tons. He then followed the society's orders and figured out what to do with the memorial stones that had accumulated. Though many people ridiculed them, Casey managed to install all 193 stones in the interior walls.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe building of the monument proceeded quickly after Congress had provided sufficient funding. In four years, it was finally completed, with the 100 ounce (2.8 kg) aluminum capstone being put in place on December 6, 1884, during another elaborate dedication ceremony. It was the largest single piece of aluminum cast at the time. The monument opened to the public on October 9, 1888.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nLater history\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAt the time of its construction, it was the tallest building in the world. It is still the tallest building in Washington D.C., and because of a 1910 law restricting a new building's height to be no more than 20 feet (6 m) greater than the width of the adjacent street, probably always will be (there is a popular misconception that the law specifies that no building may be taller than the Washington Monument, but in fact the law makes no mention of it). Ordinary antique obelisks were seldom taller than around 100 feet (30 m), making this monument vastly taller than the obelisks around the capitals of Europe and in Egypt.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Washington Monument drew enormous crowds even before it officially opened. During the six months that followed its dedication, 10,041 people climbed the 893 steps to the top. After the elevator that had been used to raise building materials was altered so that it could carry passengers, the number of visitors grew rapidly. As early as 1888, an average of 55,000 people per month went to the top, and today the Washington Monument has more than 800,000 visitors each year. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the national memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nFor ten hours in December 1982, the Washington Monument was "held hostage" by a nuclear arms protester, Norman Mayer, claiming to have explosives in a van he drove up to the monument's base. Eight tourists trapped in the monument at the time the standoff began were set free, and the incident ended with U.S. Park Police opening fire on Mayer and killing him. The monument was undamaged in the incident, and it was discovered later Mayer did not have explosives.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nOn July 4, 2005, a $15 million security and landscaping enhancement project was completed. The design, an innovative and subtle series of concentric circles 30 inches (0.76 m) high, is designed to make it impossible to drive up to the monument, though approaching on foot or on bicycle should be unimpeded. In addition to the security upgrade, the construction, which required the monument to be closed starting in September 2004, also included an upgrade to the external lighting of the monument.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Monument was evacuated on October 7, 2005, after a bomb threat was called in, although a search turned up nothing worrisome. A second bomb threat was called in on October 13, 2005; again, nothing suspicious was found.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nConstruction details\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe completed monument stands 555 ft 5⅛ in (169.29 m) tall, with the following construction materials and details:\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Phase One (1848 to 1858): To the 152 foot (46 m) level, under the direction of Superintendent William Daugherty.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Phase Two (1878 to 1888): Work completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, commanded by Lt. Col. Thomas L. Casey.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n Exterior: White marble from a different Cockeysville quarry \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Interior: Granite from Maine\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Cap is made from aluminum, at the time a rare metal, valued about the same as silver. The cap was forged by William Frishmuth and a detailed history was printed in JOM, a publication of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe cost of the monument was $1,187,710.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nExterior structure\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Total height of monument:\r\n 555 ft 5⅛ in (169.294 m)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Height from lobby to observation level:\r\n 500 ft (152 m)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Width at base of monument:\r\n 55 ft 1.5 in (16.80 m)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Width at top of shaft:\r\n 34 ft 5 in (10.5 m)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Thickness of monument walls at base:\r\n 15 ft (4.6 m)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Thickness of monument walls at observation level:\r\n 18 in (460 mm)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Total weight of monument:\r\n 90,854 short tons (82,421 t)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Total number of blocks in monument:\r\n 36,491\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\nCapstone\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n * Capstone weight:\r\n 3,300 lb (1.5 t)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Capstone cuneiform keystone measures 5.16 ft (1.57 m) from base to the top\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Each side of the capstone base: 3 ft (914 mm)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Width of aluminum tip: 5.6 in (142 mm) on each of its four sides\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Height of aluminum tip at base:\r\n 8.9 in (226 mm)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Weight of aluminum tip on capstone:\r\n 100 oz (2.8 kg)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\nFoundation\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n * Depth:\r\n 36 ft 10 in (11.23 m)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Weight:\r\n 36,912 short tons (33,486 metric tons)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Area:\r\n 16,001 ft (1487 m)\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\nInterior\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nA view from the top of the monument in December of 1999. Looking East towards the Capitol Building, the Dome can be seen approximately 1.4 miles away. The Smithsonian Building can be clearly viewed on the right and the curvature of the earth can also be noted on the horizon.\r\nA view from the top of the monument in December of 1999. Looking East towards the Capitol Building, the Dome can be seen approximately 1.4 miles away. The Smithsonian Building can be clearly viewed on the right and the curvature of the earth can also be noted on the horizon.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n * Number of memorial stones in stairwell: 199\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Present elevator installed: 1998\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Present elevator cab installed: 2001\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Elevator travel time: 70 seconds\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n * Number of steps in stairwell: 897\r\nThe National MallWashmonument1_cropped.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument38.889467-77.035240JFIFExifII* z(2ijCanonCanon PowerShot A802005:12:23 05:28:030220>Rn v~   |nf01004$,2005:12:23 05:28:032005:12:23 05:28:03 8 _ .t"$08p x1  4 "\@ aD &fff))) IMG:PowerShot A80 JPEGFirmware Version 1.00D @ II*"@R980100(W Dt64ǐk[Y?/p6iܚHjwsw    !#"! $)4,$'1'-=-167:::"*?D>8B3796    OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOx! }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?4*"$CWt ?{x=-qq^#ȨC'J끃#qQDUB `F£"#aQhc "Tl)1$an < c?ݮ6mJGWݦhLSwbr>ZS^#Ũ@#;܉5 kD&D¢zHZaLDmQ#jڐڣ"HҰD8p'v0i'np[;GyF^1U{Eёl–#FdzJq"r3j5z?Oa,}q71"ks LU[J(_xv##G_,½L6.*ԝ~^ᯇ,>ց48i_"X|n[5ӽb6>Omџq8tv.CHltP/NH(\^(}?RU]AG*؆([r7l?iV-7զr$;~e\}+;~#W(_/gpf|v!8zV!*5]{:i;znL0i!}piPPrszF;SZEs=jJ p>o ^F?BOF3R8GՑ>lf&h\2\*ݎiXho$[B% ~짐VMNYe/] veW[ZCM|syf c]J.Ym^ K jޓճ"vò/WTOf;{z=,+jeRnI=bcHXE^s¶)k)D'VƷLit]l:9'ҠV滩XmN/SxD^<bzki#z+R/Wr3"jTf#5PQTmHhO YLl3\WX '>WAZv+/C^nWLA'Z& OPPj`FPmQ!26ڑH<3Gq$2U-מ½-o "-+#+UwiGzoJ67[OJ׫L'5 \L -["T-V"&D 3@ڣjCR)`72*9دGѡJxwryfa(J=Ϛ0Z\4k7J׫KcǞu^"sZD=BB"j6dMQ!1Q"p7-sFv0ڃ '{ֲQzd֡`k';!pjD85U6"&ځ5F mHcjE!Q$<ߙpWRq?}!F½Jl_gWrMBǚ#6Dj' UD&ڣjFRTlqIWͿ4K9̓  M2A5YX\h-Χ -nlVl}=+mBr$z{ Hh=mZM+a Հ 'cb=q?ʸY?k&otd7DLx{\Qy`* iyԶmKjhZ="mI*Uvj}Ijљ=WUer,؇Io+fܻDž+Įgn}n,x_}Z[Rډ-yG$M$ڟj$%imZ] ШZ]|*?L#m=y_@xZny﫠XMߖ?s'OcS&ԶKj4[REڒ*ڟj.jm/wZ>Qڵ:3azC\_A|?6r<|OQlx2YLX~E\1cdD_-??-RںWԑvj} %mEit;Ұ it;|TDcI&>_V`[P~jScW#]k5'\:|_!I-غ{yB$$HZ0jϚ(`Ojq8Ql "bFS*'&ã{@qa{<~_v1]pgr @ߔÀlx~λ^ d=\ A&_YcGq-@-!F1T3rN)7w.ʅo'uWRnKŗL΅z!{oZ:ߐMltÈ2ֻo*8ִbm9 _Q 駚O7ksYܵcr[Pǹou75`Xw۵ْZ^As}ziIr˗K ۲>bH{Q{8BIM!Version compatibility infoUAdobe PhotoshopAdobe Photoshop 6.08BIM JPEG QualityC   %# , #&')*)-0-(0%()(C   (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((_? 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Mellon plus major art works donated by Lessing J. Rosenwald, Italian art contributions from Samuel H. Kress, and more than 2,000 sculptures, paintings, decorative art, and porcelains from Joseph E. Widener.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nHistory\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nBeginning in the 1920s, financier and art collector Andrew W. Mellon began gathering a collection of old master paintings and sculptures with the intent of providing the country with a national art gallery. Following his death in 1937, Congress in a joint resolution accepted Mellon's collection and building funds (provided through the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust), and approved the construction of a museum on the National Mall.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nDesigned by architect John Russell Pope (who would go on to design the Jefferson Memorial), the new structure was completed and accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the time of its inception it was the largest marble structure in the world. The museum stands on the former site of the Sixth Street railway station, most famous for being where 20th president James Garfield was shot in 1881 by a disgruntled office seeker.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAs anticipated by Mellon, the creation of the National gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial art collections by a number of private donors. Founding benefactors included such individuals as Paul Mellon, Samuel H. Kress, Rush H. Kress, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Chester Dale, Joseph Widener, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Edgar William, and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Gallery's East Building was constructed in the 1970s on the much of the remaining land left over from the original congressional joint resolution utilizing funds from Mellon's children Paul Mellon and Alisa Mellon Bruce. Designed by famed architect I.M. Pei, the contemporary structure was completed in 1978, and was opened on June 1 of that year by President Jimmy Carter. The new building was built to house the Museum's collection of modern paintings, drawings, sculptures, and prints, as well as study and research centers and offices.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe final addition to the complex is the the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. Completed and opened to the public on May 23, 1999, the location provides a outdoor setting for exhibiting a number of pieces from the Museum's contemporary sculpture collection.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nBuildings\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe museum comprises two buildings, the East Building and the West Building, that are linked by an underground passage. Its design, by architect John Russell Pope, is neoclassical, with a gigantic columned portico and a massive dome reminiscent of the Pantheon (as is Pope's other notable Washington, D.C. building, the Jefferson Memorial), except for the West Building's symmetrically-attached extended wings. The design of the East Building by architect I.M. Pei is also geometrical, but fragmented or faceted by comparison to the West Building's cool classicism; from above, it appears as if made of interlocking diamonds.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe West Building has an extensive collection of paintings and sculptures by European masters from the medieval period through the late 19th century, as well as pre-20th century works by American artists. Highlights of the collection include many paintings by Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Claude Monet, Vincent Van Gogh, and the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Western Hemisphere.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe East Building focuses on modern and contemporary art, with a collection including works by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Alexander Calder. The East Building also contains the main offices of the NGA and a large research facility.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nTo the west of the West Building, across Seventh Street, is the Sculpture Garden. The 6.1 acres (25,000 m) of the garden are centered on a large circular fountain (an ice rink in the winter) surrounded by stone seating. The exhibited sculptures in the surrounding landscaped area include pieces by Joan Miro, Louise Bourgeois, and Hector Guimard.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nOperations\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe National Gallery of Art is supported through a private-public partnership. The United States federal government provides funds, through annual appropriations, to support the museum's operations and maintenance. All artwork, as well as special programs, are provided through private donations and funds. The museum is not part of the Smithsonian Institution. It is one of the more than 90 cultural institutions in the United States that are Smithsonian "affiliate museums".\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nNoted directors of the National Gallery have included John Walker and J. Carter Brown. Earl A. Powell III is the current director.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nEntry to both buildings of the National Gallery of Art is free of charge. From Monday through Saturday, the museum is open from 10 a.m. 5 p.m.; it is open from 11 6 p.m. on Sundays. 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W{rohvN8hIbLÝ3IY P[SxK>2~y*ȧu%f7b<†TNMxrɌqpMrZfv3,3EimUlV ~QozK|iHo$mہl#5{zq *)-%ij]$m ¼g.''.rRC[:5G+ bGOxJ:Jiikq\لUp>}a(}4W@?X<xv9iVAVz"Kcn$|*=T%,H7O؍:a(Ĩ@qɫb^j"*ǟdd⿁VF@m`߸YX%8% [ VYP/UNm)2м ZKC橤ZQq$ hqR|օ 8\`".JEd2$*R%/HaRzY]X9 6UV .F l>*˶2v)ʶ)[ WDɧh9wN0C'z8Ts9tOC uX:3t뷑kJy~sJ6զM՝4Cz7DdzǩnwD.,64y[POo O//prthur M. Sackler Gallery was opened in 1987 to house a gift of some 1,000 works of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler (19131987), a research physician and medical publisher from New York City. Among the highlights of his gift were early Chinese bronzes and jades, Chinese paintings and lacquerware, ancient Near Eastern ceramics and metalware, and sculpture from South and Southeast Asia. Sackler also donated $4 million toward construction of the gallery. Since 1987, the gallery's collections have expanded to include the Vever Collection, an important assemblage of the Islamic arts of the book from the 11th to the 19th century; 19th- and 20th-century Japanese prints and contemporary porcelain; Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean paintings; arts of village India; contemporary Chinese ceramics; and photography. International loan exhibitions have included Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the 15th Century; Yani: the Brush of Innocence, featuring paintings by a 14-year-old Chinese prodigy; When Kingship Descended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre; Court Arts of Indonesia; Korean Art of the 18th Century: Splendor & Simplicity; and A Basketmaker in Rural Japan.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Sackler Gallery is connected by an underground exhibition space to the neighboring Freer Gallery of Art. Although their collections are stored and exhibited separately, the two museums share a director, administration, and staff.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nThe Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium, located in the Freer, provides a venue for a broad variety of free public programs relating to the collections of the Freer and Sackler galleries, including concerts of Asian music and dance, films, lectures, chamber music, and dramatic presentations.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nCare of the collections began before the museum came into existence as Charles Lang Freer, the founder of the Freer Gallery of Art, hired Japanese painting restorers to care for his works and to prepare them for their eventual home as part of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1932, the Freer Gallery of Art hired a full-time Japanese restorer and created what was to become the East Asian Painting Conservation Studio. The Technical Laboratory, and the first use of scientific methods for the study of art at the Smithsonian Institution, started in 1951 when the chemist Rutherford J. Gettens moved from the Fogg Museum at Harvard University to the Freer. 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